Guida Dettagliata all’Installazione di Headless Chromium su Ubuntu e CentOS
Questa guida fornisce una procedura passo-passo per l’installazione di Headless Chromium sia su sistemi Ubuntu che CentOS.
Cos’è Chrome Senza Interfaccia Grafica?
Headless Chrome è essenzialmente una versione di Chrome che opera senza l’interfaccia utente (UI) tradizionale. Funziona in un ambiente “headless”, rendendolo ideale per l’esecuzione di test automatizzati.
Ma quali vantaggi offre Chrome headless?
Uno dei benefici più significativi è la capacità di testare le più recenti funzionalità della piattaforma web, come i moduli ES6, i service worker e gli stream. Grazie a Headless Chrome, è possibile sviluppare applicazioni e verificarne il rendering in modo aggiornato. Inoltre, si sbloccano funzionalità avanzate come la limitazione della rete, l’emulazione di dispositivi e l’analisi della copertura del codice.
Con Chrome headless, i test possono essere eseguiti senza scrivere una singola riga di codice, una comodità notevole!
I test vengono eseguiti tramite riga di comando, utilizzando vari flag. Di seguito sono riportati alcuni dei flag più comuni:
--screenshot # Per catturare uno screenshot
--print-to-pdf # Per convertire una pagina web in PDF
--dump-dom # Per esportare i dati del DOM (Document Object Model)
È fondamentale notare che Headless Chrome è diverso dal browser Chromium.
Installazione di Chromium su Ubuntu
Passaggio 1: Aggiornare Ubuntu
Iniziare aggiornando i pacchetti del sistema Ubuntu.
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get update
Hit:1 https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu bionic InRelease
Hit:2 https://security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-security InRelease
Hit:3 https://ppa.launchpad.net/ansible/ansible/ubuntu cosmic InRelease
Hit:5 https://apt.puppetlabs.com bionic InRelease
Ign:6 https://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable binary/ InRelease
Hit:7 https://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic InRelease
Hit:8 https://ppa.launchpad.net/canonical-chromium-builds/stage/ubuntu cosmic InRelease
Hit:9 https://pkg.jenkins.io/debian-stable binary/ Release
Hit:10 https://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-updates InRelease
Hit:11 https://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic-backports InRelease
Hit:4 https://packages.cloud.google.com/apt kubernetes-xenial InRelease
Reading package lists... Done
Passaggio 2: Installare le Dipendenze
Installare le dipendenze essenziali per l’installazione di Chrome.
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get install -y libappindicator1 fonts-liberation
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
fonts-liberation is already the newest version (1:1.07.4-7).
fonts-liberation set to manually installed.
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
chromium-codecs-ffmpeg-extra
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
The following additional packages will be installed:
libdbusmenu-gtk4 libindicator7
Suggested packages:
indicator-application
The following NEW packages will be installed:
libappindicator1 libdbusmenu-gtk4 libindicator7
0 upgraded, 3 newly installed, 0 to remove and 238 not upgraded.
Need to get 68.2 kB of archives.
After this operation, 280 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Get:1 https://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libdbusmenu-gtk4 amd64 16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1 [27.1 kB]
Get:2 https://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libindicator7 amd64 16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1 [21.7 kB]
Get:3 https://us.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu cosmic/universe amd64 libappindicator1 amd64 12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1 [19.4 kB]
Fetched 68.2 kB in 1s (61.1 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64.
(Reading database ... 318270 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libdbusmenu-gtk4_16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64 (16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libindicator7.
Preparing to unpack .../libindicator7_16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libindicator7 (16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package libappindicator1.
Preparing to unpack .../libappindicator1_12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libappindicator1 (12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libindicator7 (16.10.0+18.04.20180321.1-0ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libdbusmenu-gtk4:amd64 (16.04.1+18.10.20180917-0ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-0ubuntu1) ...
Setting up libappindicator1 (12.10.1+18.04.20180322.1-0ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.28-0ubuntu1) ...
libappindicator1: This library is used to export menu by an application into a panel
fonts-liberation: This library has similar font metrics as Arial, Times and Courier
A volte, durante l’installazione di Chrome, potrebbero mancare alcune dipendenze. In tal caso, eseguire il seguente comando per installare tutte le dipendenze necessarie.
[email protected]:~$ sudo apt-get install -f
The following additional packages will be installed:
at-spi2-core cpp cpp-7 dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service gcc-7-base glib-networking glib-networking-common
glib-networking-services gsettings-desktop-schemas libappindicator3-1 libasound2 libasound2-data libatk-bridge2.0-0
libatspi2.0-0 libauthen-sasl-perl libcairo-gobject2 libcolord2 libdata-dump-perl libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 libdconf1
libdrm-amdgpu1 libdrm-intel1 libdrm-nouveau2 libdrm-radeon1 libencode-locale-perl libepoxy0 libfile-basedir-perl
libfile-desktopentry-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfont-afm-perl libfontenc1 libgl1
libgl1-mesa-dri libgl1-mesa-glx libglapi-mesa libglvnd0 libglx-mesa0 libglx0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common
libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tagset-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhttp-cookies-perl
libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libice6 libindicator3-7
libio-html-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libipc-system-simple-perl libisl19 libjson-glib-1.0-0 libjson-glib-1.0-common
liblcms2-2 libllvm9 liblwp-mediatypes-perl liblwp-protocol-https-perl libmailtools-perl libmpc3 libnet-dbus-perl
libnet-http-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libnspr4 libnss3 libpciaccess0 libproxy1v5 librest-0.7-0
libsensors4 libsm6 libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1 libtie-ixhash-perl libtimedate-perl libtry-tiny-perl liburi-perl
libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-egl1 libwww-perl libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-protocol-perl
libx11-xcb1 libxaw7 libxcb-dri2-0 libxcb-dri3-0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-present0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-sync1 libxft2
libxkbcommon0 libxml-parser-perl libxml-twig-perl libxml-xpathengine-perl libxmu6 libxpm4 libxshmfence1 libxss1 libxt6
libxtst6 libxv1 libxxf86dga1 libxxf86vm1 perl-openssl-defaults x11-common x11-utils x11-xserver-utils xdg-utils
Suggested packages:
cpp-doc gcc-7-locales indicator-application libasound2-plugins alsa-utils libdigest-hmac-perl libgssapi-perl colord
gvfs liblcms2-utils libcrypt-ssleay-perl lm-sensors libauthen-ntlm-perl libunicode-map8-perl libunicode-string-perl
xml-twig-tools mesa-utils nickle cairo-5c xorg-docs-core
The following NEW packages will be installed:
at-spi2-core cpp cpp-7 dconf-gsettings-backend dconf-service gcc-7-base glib-networking glib-networking-common
glib-networking-services gsettings-desktop-schemas libappindicator3-1 libasound2 libasound2-data libatk-bridge2.0-0
libatspi2.0-0 libauthen-sasl-perl libcairo-gobject2 libcolord2 libdata-dump-perl libdbusmenu-gtk3-4 libdconf1
libdrm-amdgpu1 libdrm-intel1 libdrm-nouveau2 libdrm-radeon1 libencode-locale-perl libepoxy0 libfile-basedir-perl
libfile-desktopentry-perl libfile-listing-perl libfile-mimeinfo-perl libfont-afm-perl libfontenc1 libgl1
libgl1-mesa-dri libgl1-mesa-glx libglapi-mesa libglvnd0 libglx-mesa0 libglx0 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common
libhtml-form-perl libhtml-format-perl libhtml-parser-perl libhtml-tagset-perl libhtml-tree-perl libhttp-cookies-perl
libhttp-daemon-perl libhttp-date-perl libhttp-message-perl libhttp-negotiate-perl libice6 libindicator3-7
libio-html-perl libio-socket-ssl-perl libipc-system-simple-perl libisl19 libjson-glib-1.0-0 libjson-glib-1.0-common
liblcms2-2 libllvm9 liblwp-mediatypes-perl liblwp-protocol-https-perl libmailtools-perl libmpc3 libnet-dbus-perl
libnet-http-perl libnet-smtp-ssl-perl libnet-ssleay-perl libnspr4 libnss3 libpciaccess0 libproxy1v5 librest-0.7-0
libsensors4 libsm6 libsoup-gnome2.4-1 libsoup2.4-1 libtie-ixhash-perl libtimedate-perl libtry-tiny-perl liburi-perl
libwayland-client0 libwayland-cursor0 libwayland-egl1 libwww-perl libwww-robotrules-perl libx11-protocol-perl
libx11-xcb1 libxaw7 libxcb-dri2-0 libxcb-dri3-0 libxcb-glx0 libxcb-present0 libxcb-shape0 libxcb-sync1 libxft2
libxkbcommon0 libxml-parser-perl libxml-twig-perl libxml-xpathengine-perl libxmu6 libxpm4 libxshmfence1 libxss1 libxt6
libxtst6 libxv1 libxxf86dga1 libxxf86vm1 perl-openssl-defaults x11-common x11-utils x11-xserver-utils xdg-utils
0 upgraded, 117 newly installed, 0 to remove and 58 not upgraded.
1 not fully installed or removed.
Need to get 40.7 MB of archives.
After this operation, 369 MB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y
Fetched 40.7 MB in 4s (9470 kB/s)
Extracting templates from packages: 100%
Passaggio 3: Scaricare Chrome
Scaricare il pacchetto stabile di Google Chrome per sistemi Ubuntu.
[email protected]:~$ wget https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
--2020-01-15 13:58:41-- https://dl.google.com/linux/direct/google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb
Resolving dl.google.com (dl.google.com)... 172.217.163.78, 2404:6800:4007:80c::200e
Connecting to dl.google.com (dl.google.com)|172.217.163.78|:443... connected.
HTTP request sent, awaiting response... 200 OK
Length: 62204098 (59M) [application/x-debian-package]
Saving to: ‘google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb’
google-chrome-stable_current_amd64. 100%[==================================================================>] 59.32M 11.1MB/s in 29s
2020-01-15 13:59:10 (2.04 MB/s) - ‘google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb’ saved [62204098/62204098]
Passaggio 4: Installare Chrome
Installare il pacchetto scaricato.
[email protected]:~$ sudo dpkg -i google-chrome*.deb
Selecting previously unselected package google-chrome-stable.
(Reading database ... 318285 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack google-chrome-stable_current_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking google-chrome-stable (79.0.3945.117-1) ...
Setting up google-chrome-stable (79.0.3945.117-1) ...
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/x-www-browser (x-www-browser) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/gnome-www-browser (gnome-www-browser) in auto mode
update-alternatives: using /usr/bin/google-chrome-stable to provide /usr/bin/google-chrome (google-chrome) in auto mode
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.13.3-11ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.23-3ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.60ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.8.4-2) ...
Passaggio 5: Verificare la Versione di Chrome
Per confermare che l’installazione sia andata a buon fine, verificare la versione di Google Chrome.
[email protected]:~$ google-chrome-stable -version
Google Chrome 79.0.3945.117
Opzionale: Eseguire Chrome Headless
Ecco un esempio di come eseguire Chrome in modalità headless.
In questo esempio, Chrome verrà eseguito in modalità headless e il contenuto di https://gf.dev/ verrà salvato in un file PDF.
[email protected]:~$ google-chrome-stable --headless --disable-gpu --print-to-pdf https://gf.dev/
[0115/140930.772108:INFO:headless_shell.cc(620)] Written to file output.pdf.
Si otterrà un file chiamato output.pdf.
[email protected]:~$ ls -l out*
-rw------- 1 winadmin.it winadmin.it 80799 Jan 15 14:09 output.pdf
[email protected]:~$
Adesso, vediamo come effettuare una configurazione simile su sistemi CentOS.
Installazione di Chromium su CentOS
Passaggio 1: Aggiornare CentOS
Aggiornare il sistema CentOS utilizzando il comando seguente.
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo yum update
Passaggio 2: Creare il Repository di Chrome
Aggiungere il repository di Google Chrome al sistema. Creare un file google-chrome.repo nella directory /etc/yum.repos.d/ e aggiungere le seguenti informazioni.
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo gedit /etc/yum.repos.d/google-chrome.repo
[google-chrome]
name=google-chrome
baseurl=https://dl.google.com/linux/chrome/rpm/stable/$basearch
enabled=1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub
Passaggio 3: Installare Chrome
Eseguire il comando yum per installare Google Chrome sul sistema CentOS.
[[email protected] ~]$ sudo yum install google-chrome-stable
Last metadata expiration check: 0:04:04 ago on Wed 22 Jan 2020 01:06:24 PM EST.
Dependencies resolved.
================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
google-chrome-stable x86_64 79.0.3945.130-1 google-chrome 60 M
Installing dependencies:
libXScrnSaver x86_64 1.2.3-1.el8 AppStream 31 k
libappindicator-gtk3 x86_64 12.10.0-19.el8 AppStream 43 k
libdbusmenu x86_64 16.04.0-12.el8 AppStream 140 k
libdbusmenu-gtk3 x86_64 16.04.0-12.el8 AppStream 41 k
libindicator-gtk3 x86_64 12.10.1-14.el8 AppStream 70 k
liberation-fonts noarch 1:2.00.3-4.el8 BaseOS 19 k
liberation-serif-fonts noarch 1:2.00.3-4.el8 BaseOS 607 k
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 8 Packages
Total download size: 60 M
Installed size: 213 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Downloading Packages:
(1/8): libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64.rpm 146 kB/s | 31 kB 00:00
(2/8): libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64.rpm 171 kB/s | 43 kB 00:00
(3/8): libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64.rpm 691 kB/s | 41 kB 00:00
(4/8): libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64.rpm 558 kB/s | 70 kB 00:00
(5/8): liberation-fonts-2.00.3-4.el8.noarch.rpm 74 kB/s | 19 kB 00:00
(6/8): liberation-serif-fonts-2.00.3-4.el8.noarch.rpm 1.3 MB/s | 607 kB 00:00
(7/8): libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64.rpm 121 kB/s | 140 kB 00:01
(8/8): google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64.rpm 8.4 MB/s | 60 MB 00:07
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total 6.5 MB/s | 60 MB 00:09
warning: /var/cache/dnf/google-chrome-eb0d6f10ccbdafba/packages/google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64.rpm: Header V4 DSA/SHA1 Signature, key ID 7fac5991: NOKEY
google-chrome 49 kB/s | 10 kB 00:00
Importing GPG key 0x7FAC5991:
Userid : "Google, Inc. Linux Package Signing Key <[email protected]>"
Fingerprint: 4CCA 1EAF 950C EE4A B839 76DC A040 830F 7FAC 5991
From : https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Key imported successfully
Importing GPG key 0xD38B4796:
Userid : "Google Inc. (Linux Packages Signing Authority) <[email protected]>"
Fingerprint: EB4C 1BFD 4F04 2F6D DDCC EC91 7721 F63B D38B 4796
From : https://dl-ssl.google.com/linux/linux_signing_key.pub
Is this ok [y/N]: y
Key imported successfully
Running transaction check
Transaction check succeeded.
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded.
Running transaction
Preparing : 1/1
Installing : libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 1/8
Installing : libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 2/8
Installing : liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 3/8
Installing : liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 4/8
Installing : libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64 5/8
Installing : libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64 6/8
Installing : libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64 7/8
Running scriptlet: google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8
Installing : google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8
Running scriptlet: google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8
Redirecting to /bin/systemctl start atd.service
Verifying : libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64 1/8
Verifying : libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64 2/8
Verifying : libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 3/8
Verifying : libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64 4/8
Verifying : libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64 5/8
Verifying : liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 6/8
Verifying : liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch 7/8
Verifying : google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64 8/8
Installed:
google-chrome-stable-79.0.3945.130-1.x86_64
libXScrnSaver-1.2.3-1.el8.x86_64
libappindicator-gtk3-12.10.0-19.el8.x86_64
libdbusmenu-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64
libdbusmenu-gtk3-16.04.0-12.el8.x86_64
libindicator-gtk3-12.10.1-14.el8.x86_64
liberation-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch
liberation-serif-fonts-1:2.00.3-4.el8.noarch
Complete!
Passaggio 4: Verificare la Versione di Chrome
Verificare la versione di Google Chrome per confermare che l’installazione sia avvenuta correttamente.
[[email protected] ~]$ google-chrome -version
Google Chrome 79.0.3945.130
Opzionale: Eseguire Chrome Headless
Vediamo un esempio di come eseguire Chrome in modalità headless su CentOS.
Nell’esempio, verrà catturato uno screenshot. Il comando che segue eseguirà Chrome senza interfaccia grafica e salverà il contenuto di https://www.chromestatus.com/ in un file PDF.
[[email protected] ~]$ google-chrome-stable --headless --disable-gpu --print-to-pdf https://www.chromestatus.com/
[0122/131602.193881:INFO:headless_shell.cc(620)] Written to file output.pdf.
Verrà creato un file output.pdf contenente il contenuto della pagina https://www.chromestatus.com/.
[[email protected] ~]$ ls -l
total 61208
drwxr-xr-x. 2 winadmin.it winadmin.it 6 Sep 25 11:49 Desktop
drwxr-xr-x. 2 winadmin.it winadmin.it 6 Sep 25 11:49 Documents
drwxr-xr-x. 2 winadmin.it winadmin.it 6 Sep 25 11:49 Downloads
-rw-rw-r--. 1 winadmin.it winadmin.it 180 Jan 22 13:05 google-chrome.repo
-rw-------. 1 winadmin.it winadmin.it 146776 Jan 22 13:16 output.pdf
Questo conclude la guida all’installazione di Chrome su Ubuntu e CentOS, con esempi di esecuzione in modalità headless.